How temperature will effect the speed in which the enzyme Catalase will react with Hydrogen Peroxide Essays

How temperature will impact the speed wherein the protein Catalase will respond with Hydrogen Peroxide Essays How temperature will impact the speed wherein the catalyst Catalase will respond with Hydrogen Peroxide Paper How temperature will impact the speed wherein the protein Catalase will respond with Hydrogen Peroxide Paper Singular proteins are named by adding ase to the name of the substrate with which they respond. The catalyst that controls urea decay is called urease; those that control protein hydrolyses are known as proteinases. A few compounds, for example, the proteinases trypsin and pepsin, hold the names utilized before this terminology was embraced. * They are largely proteins * They are explicit in their activity, one chemical accelerating one response in particular. * They work inside just a restricted scope of causticity or alkalinity. * Heat adjusts compounds so they work at various rates. At certain high temperatures compounds denature. * They can be utilized again and again. * They all require water before having the option to work. * Living cells are the main makers of compounds. * The compound particle is just incidentally changed during its activity and can be utilized over and again. Huge amounts of catalysts are a bit much. * They work inside a thin scope of temperature. Chemicals are average impetuses: they are fit for expanding the pace of response without being expended all the while. A few chemicals, for example, pepsin and trypsin, which realize the assimilation of meat, control a wide range of responses, while others, for example, urease, are amazingly explicit and may quicken just a single response. Still others discharge vitality to make the heart beat and the lungs extend and contract. Many encourage the change of sugar and nourishments into the different substances the body requires for tissue-constructing, the substitution of platelets, and the arrival of concoction vitality to move muscles. Pepsin, trypsin, and some different proteins have, what's more, the unconventional property known as autocatalysis, which grants them to cause their own arrangement from a dormant forerunner called zymogen. As an outcome, these compounds might be duplicated in a test tube. Source: Encarta 1998 Catalysts are remarkably productive. Minute amounts of a compound can achieve at low temperatures what might require vicious reagents and high temperatures by customary concoction implies. Around 30 g of unadulterated crystalline pepsin, for instance, would be equipped for processing almost 2 metric huge amounts of egg white in a couple of hours. The energy of protein responses contrast from those of basic inorganic responses. Every protein is specifically explicit for the substance in which it causes a response and is best at a temperature exceptional to it. Albeit an expansion in temperature may quicken a response, compounds are temperamental when warmed. Numerous compounds require the nearness of another particle or an atom called a cofactor, so as to work. When in doubt, catalysts don't assault living cells. When a cell bites the dust it is quickly processed by chemicals that separate protein. The opposition of the living cell is because of the catalysts failure to go through the film of the cell as long as the cell lives. At the point when the cell bites the dust, its layer gets penetrable, and the chemical would then be able to enter the cell and crush the protein inside it. A few cells likewise contain protein inhibitors, known as antienzymes, which forestall the activity of a catalyst upon a substrate Chemical Controlled Reactions Chemicals are typically given a comparative name to that of the substrate yet finishing off with ase. The response has two bolts in light of the fact that the response is reversible. On the off chance that there is more maltose than glucose, the response will go from left to right and the other path round. How accomplish catalysts work? Particles are continually moving near and chancing upon one another. At the point when a substrate particle chances upon an atom of the right compound, it fits into a downturn on the outside of the chemical atom. The downturn is known as the dynamic site. The response at that point happens and the atoms of item leave the site, liberating it for another substrate particle. The dynamic site of a specific particle has a particular shape into which just a single sort of substrate will fit. The substrate fits into the dynamic site rather like a key to a lock. This is the reason chemicals are explicit in their activity. At the point when a protein is adjusted by heat, the state of the dynamic site is changed with the goal that the substrate does not fit anymore. An adjustment in pH has a comparable impact. Starter Test We completed a starter test on a littler size of the last test. We put hydrogen peroxide and liver together and estimated the time taken for 10cm3 of oxygen to be emitted. Liver was utilized in light of the fact that it is a wellspring of catalase that is the impetus we expected to speed this response up. We utilized a similar mechanical assembly as this last test and put the two reactants into the water shower. When the reactants had accomplished the ideal temperature we at that point combined them, while keeping them in the shower. We at that point began the clock and embedded the bung following blending the two reactants. When 10cm3 of oxygen had been radiated we halted the clock and took a perusing.

MGT Week 3 DB SA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

MGT Week 3 DB SA - Case Study Example tart another life to live in new York right now subsequently moving to Pennsylvania will assist them with saving some cash since they will be living with their family. Choosing to live in Pennsylvania was a decent choice independent of the way that it will emotionally affect one of them. Be that as it may, being monetarily steady incredibly exceeds a negative enthusiastic effect along these lines esteeming it a decent choice to move back to Pennsylvania. Numerous individuals utilize sane when settling on hard or basic choices. Researchers have additionally dismembered the levelheaded individuals use in dynamic to the utilization of positive dreams and inclination accessibility. This is the place one settles on a choice dependent on the predisposition they have given the choice relying upon the results they specify. For instance, for the situation study when the individual was choosing an assistance administrator he/she relied upon the data they had gotten from others in this way making an inclination that the item was acceptable. This is normally works for some individuals yet ought not be utilized when settling on genuine choices since the data from which one makes a predisposition may be completely

Use Of Statin Therapy Health And Social Care Essay

Grimness and mortality from cardiovascular illness ( CVD ) are two to multiple times higher in patients with type 2 diabetes. With death paces of up to 80 % among the diabetic populace, CVD is viewed as the essential difficulty of type 2 diabetes. The use of pharmacological specialists and way of life modifications to better glycemic control have exhibited a diminishing in danger of the microvascular entanglements related with type 2 diabetes, by and by, the result these have in cut bringing down the risk of macrovascular difficulties stays badly characterized. It has subsequently been recommended that hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors ( lipid-bringing down medications ) are demonstrated for the essential bar of CVD in all patients determined to have type 2 diabetes. Lipid-bringing down drugs work by stifling the HMG-COA compound which catalyzes the change of HMG-CoA to mevalonic corrosive, an early measure in cholesterin amalgamation. This produces impacts which bring a bout the reduction of whole cholesterin, LDL cholesterin and triglyceride. Different advantages revealed following from the utilization of long haul lipid-bringing down medication treatment include: concealment of blood vessel smooth musculus cell multiplication, bar of oxidization of LDL cholesterin, plaque adjustment impacts on macrophages, improvement of endothelial guide and against thrombotic and mitigating impacts all of which add to the bar of cardiovascular occasions. An ongoing meta investigation led by the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists ‘ Confederates ( 2008 ) broke down statin treatment in 17 220 people with type 2 diabetes inside 14 aimlessly controlled tests ( RCTs ) with a normal duration of follow up was 4.3 mature ages. The journalists announced a 21 % decline in major cardiovascular occasions per mmol/l abatement of LDL-C. It was other than discovered that the impacts of statin treatment were comparable paying little mind to any pre bing history of CVD and other standard highlights. It was inferred that statin treatment ought to be considered for all people who are at high danger of CVD. The meta investigation study configuration permits the authors to show the over all result the intervention of lipid-bringing down medication treatment has on the bar of CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes. The consideration of just arbitrarily controlled tests ( RCTs ) is a quality of the investigation as they are viewed as the ‘gold measure ‘ in reasearch plan as the limit the chance of orderly bias. Anyway in a meta investigation whether or non a RCT was truly arbitrary or non, all things considered, depends on the journalists perusing of the methodological examination. One limitation of this review is the feasible for distribution bias by the knowing avoidance of surveies which exhibit clashing results. Anyway the journalists tended to this by talking two surveies which showed no significant reductions in essential outcomes in patients having statin treatment and inferred that remembering them for the investigation would hold made no significant diference to the gene ral results of the study. The Heart Protection Study, 2003 meant to investigate the impacts of cholesterin take bringing down with Zocor in individuals with diabetes. The paper depicts a randomized fake treatment controlled test in which 5963 ( 90 % of which had type 2 diabetes ) individuals with diabetes and 14, 573 individuals with blood vessel occlusive sickness however no diabetes were unpredictably distributed to have 40mg of simvastatin everyday or a fake treatment tranquilize. The essential outcome for investigation was deadly or non lethal vascular occasion. Following acceptance of statin treatment members were seen for business as usual follow up checks at 4, 8 and a year until the finishing up follow up visits which arrived at the midpoint of at 4.6 mature ages. ( chest assurance review ) Findingss identified with patients with diabetes exhibited 25 % decline in the frequency of first essential outcome. The essayists finished up because of the wide extent of diabetic patients surveies that the results gave grounds that cholesterin take bringing down treatment is useful for individuals with diabetes regardless of whether they do non hold pre bing cardiovascular infection or high cholesterin focuses and henceforth statin treatment ought to be considered routinely for every single diabetic patient. ( HPS and Role of lipid-bringing down prescriptions ) The HPS RCT configuration permits both the Zocor gathering and the fake treatment gathering to be followed up and examined in footings of the outcomes characterized toward the start of the overview. As the journalists gave pattern highlights, for example, cholesterin, age and continuation of diabetes guaranting the gatherings were each piece comparative as could reasonably be expected, the outcomes can subsequently be credited to the intervention of Zocor. Before the Heart assurance review comparable RCTs had incorporated a maximum restriction of 1500 patients with diabetes. The enormous example size of 5963 patients with diabetes delivered a decent harmony between the two gatherings and permitted the journalists to effectively watch a significant measurable distinction between the aftereffects of Zocor and the fake treatment. The 4 twelvemonth follow up period showed that these impacts were continued. The essayists of the overview were other than answerable for the study plan, informations total, data investigation, informations perusing and initiation of the examination, which limits the chance of any conceivable battle of inclusion. The Collaberative Lipitor diabetes study ( CARDS ) , 2003, was like the HPS in footings of its motivations and discoveries yet was the main test to gauge statin treatment explicitly in patients with type 2 diabetes. The CARDS test was an irregular fake treatment controlled review in which 2838 patients matured somewhere in the range of 40 and 75 were unpredictably assigned to have either 10mg of atorvastatin everyday or a fake treatment with a planned follow up time of 6 mature ages. The consideration standard was no history of cardiovascular malady, a LDL-cholesterol convergence of 4 and A ; Acirc ; Â ·14 mmol/L or lower, a fasting triglyceride aggregate of 6 and A ; Acirc ; Â ·78 mmol/L or less, and at any rate one other danger factor. The essential end point was clasp to first occurring of the devotees: intense coronary chest discovered sickness occasions, coronary revascularisation, or shot. The essayists announced that the gathering treated with Lipitor had a mean lessening of 26 % in whole cholesterin and a 40 % decline in LDL-C. The risk decline for essential end focuses was decreased by 37 % with atorvastatin everyday contrasted and fake treatment. The scholars presumed that Atorvastatin day by day is protected an in cut bringing down the risk of first cardiovascular illness occasions, in patients with type 2 diabetes independent of low standard LDL-C degrees and that patients with type 2 diabetes ought to reciecve lipid-bringing down medication treatment paying little mind to LDL-C degrees. Similarly as with The HPS one of the main qualities of the CARDS test was the study structure. The irregular assignment of members to bunches assisted with limiting orderly preference and the likeness in the pattern highlights portrayed between each gathering expanded the inside cogency of the results. As this bit of research was unique in footings of the way that it was the primary study to explicitly investigate the impacts of statin treatment explicitly in patients with type 2 diabetes the importance of the outcomes themselves are another quality of the study and played a significant capacity in the improvement of the American diabetes affiliation rules which currently suggest that all adults beyond 40 years old with diabetes ought to have lipid-bringing down medication treatment. At the second between time investigation a significant contrast was accounted for Lipitor at and following reccomendations from the wellbeing administering load up the tests was ended 2 mature ages soone r than foreseen. Had the test been permitted to go on the results may hold indicated considerably more prominent advantages of lipid-bringing down medication treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and all the more obviously exhibited the supportability of these impacts. The multicenter aspect of the review configuration should hold took into account a more extensive extent of populace bunches ( for example individuals from various social, ecological or social foundations ) and the capacity to analyze results among Centers, all of which would expand the generalizability of the overview. Anyway members remembered for the CARDS test were 78 % male and 95 % white which may non be illustrative of the sort 2 diabetic populace in the UK and Ireland and which question the trustworthiness of any choices produced using the review discoveries. The CARDS test was somewhat financed by Pfizer Incooperated an atorvastatin producer who were other than answerable for planing the figuring machine created randomization codifications and pre enclosing all the medications utilized the review. In spite of the fact that the examination itself was arranged autonomously of help beginnings, while Pfizer Incooperated have a contribution in indicating the advantages of atorvastatin battle of association can non be precluded. The Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints ( ASPEN ) , 2006 again, planned to investigate the result of 10mg of Lipitor versus a fake treatment on cardiovascular bar in patients with type 2 diabetes and LDL-C degrees underneath the ebb and flow rule marks. This paper portrays a review which was initially planned as a randomized double visually impaired fake treatment controlled investigation. 2410 members were unpredictably appointed to have either 10mg of atorvastatin everyday or a fake treatment medicate with a subsequent continuation of 4 mature ages. Incorporation gauges were work powers and grown-up females with analyzed kind 2 diabetes and LDL-C degrees of less than3.6 mmol/l. The essential end focuses for examination were cardiovascular related expire or major cardiovascular occasion, for example, myocardial localized necrosis or shot. The journalists found that those members distributed to have 10mg of atorvastatin everyday showed a normal lessening of about 0.9 mmol/l and a 10 % decline in essential resul

David Hume Impact on Philosophy During Enlightenment Era - 1100 Words

David Hume Impact on Philosophy During Enlightenment Era (Essay Sample) Content: First Name, Last Name:Professor/Tutor: Course Title:Date of Submission:David Hume'sImpact during the Enlightenment EraDavid Hume was a Scottish philosopher and writer who is remembered for paving the way for the skeptical school of thought that is being applied up to now by the modern philosophers. As a dogmatic skeptic, Hume devoted a substantial part of his work investigating the human reasoning limits. He wanted to be a lawyer but decided to devote his time to philosophy and writing. The A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) is considered as Humes major work. It is a book that was widely ignored at first following its prose that was deemed as complicated but is now highly regarded. He then made up for the earlier oversight in the book An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding in 1978, where he rearticulated more of the similar material but in an approach that was more approachable (Hume 1). His studies, which have now become fundamental in the current Western philosoph y, focus mostly on perception, reason, and particularly morals. Hume major concern was whether sense and hence perception could be trusted with regards to a consistent outlook of the world. Taking into consideration morality, Hume believed that if someone found a specific action to be reasonable, then such an action had to be a morally appropriate move to take. By including this individual, introspective layer to the issues of morality and perception, Hume is believed to have stripped the world of philosophy of its generalizations. Hume indeed believed in the unrelentingly skeptical that everything remained subject to some level of uncertainty. Despite how Hume felt about the ideas in the Enlightenment era, he kept going back to his main thought; because man will never understand anything beyond his doubt, why should he then bother? (Hume 1). He also used his skeptical approach to religion and science, insisting that even if neither of the two was capable of explaining anything full y, science stood as being stronger now that it was in a position to admit that it can never be correct absolutely. The philosophy approach by Hume is regarded as being remarkable for its revolutionary insights both in the past and in the modern world and its continuity vitality as well as its ability to inspire and provoke ideas. During his early days, his philosophy prompted Thomas Reid to come up with a theory to rival his idea of the mind of human beings and hence giving rise to the common sense school of thought mostly used by the Scottish. At the same time, his pioneering essays on politics, society, and economics served as an inspiration to his younger friends Adam Ferguson and Adam Smith (Hume 1). In the generations that followed, Immanuel Kant is said to have been awakening from his rigid slumbers after reading the works of Hume and later responded by coming up with an idealistic system that after its introduction remained dominant in the world philosophy school of thought up to the 19th century. It was the works of Hume again in the 20th century that inspired what is believed to be the first influential reaction by Bertrand Russell against Kantian idealism. The reaction later resulted in the modern analytical philosophy development. His works also inspired what were at that time the logical Vienna Circle positivists and associated like Karl Popper and A.J. Ayer (Hume 1). In the 21st century, Hume remains one of the most provocative and fertile of all the great thinkers in history with his theories being cited in most works by contemporary scholars and philosophers. His name has also over the years until now been appropriated in the manner it has endured the fundamental ideas in ethics, epistemology, language, philosophy of action, mathematics, and religion. The main project by David Hume was to come up with science that was of human nature, a science that stripped of dogma while at the same time based on careful argument and observable fact. By doing this, he, therefore, gave way to cognitive science. Cognitive science is considered as being an interdisciplinary enterprise that is vibrant combining psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, and neuroscience. However, the science of man by Hume extends way beyond the mind of an individual, into the fundamental concerns of society, morals, economic behavior, political and religious belief. Specifically Humes moral theory, which was based on the emotions and empathy rather than logic or theology, continues up to the modern date to put a profound influence in different works in philosophy. The philosophy approach by Hume in uniquely relevant to the fostering of interdisciplinary approaches and cross-collaborative approaches to modern global changes; with the modern world that is in disarray, experiencing religious, economic, and environmental crises like it has never been seen since the 18th century, the world requires a visionary thought that is well enlightened so as to fa cilitate responses that are measured on such threats to the human social, cultural, political, and economic well-being. The works and publications by David Hume have challenged the modern society to ask themselves some important questions such as how man can and how far can he trust his natural cognitive faculties, what are the human behavior roots including economic and moral behavior? Is man and should he be governed by emotion or by reason? What are the best means to organize society considering the limitations of man on rationality and understanding? And can an enlightened freedom and suitability modest be harnessed so as to undermine religious and ideological dogmatism, while at the same time fostering cooperative values that are in a position to react to the challenges facing the modern world?Hume is best remembered as the founder of the modern skeptic version. He was able to show that the senses of man often deceive him and that scientific knowledge is the only probable knowl edge. He claimed that this was not absolute even the most common things in the world such as the sun rising the following day. He was able also to show that rational knowledge that remains true in the case where the logic rules are obeyed does not result in ...

Kotler Marketing Management Solutions to Chapter 5 and 6...

Chapter 5 Nordstrom Q1: How else can Nordstrom continue to provide exceptional customer service and increase brand loyalty? It could expand its CRM to reach more customers with their services. Compared to its competitors Nordstrom should improve on their online advertisements and presence. A more advanced feedback system will create more loyalty as customers realize that Nordstrom cares about their complaints. It also allows to improve on the service quality. Blogs that announce and review new products and support links to other company or fan pages would spread the brand. Trier and recent users should receive regular e-mails to increase brand awareness. Another way to get the word out and extend the reach of a brand is to reward†¦show more content†¦The expenses mentioned are also higher than their competitors’ which resulted in lower EBT. Nordstroms biggest competitors are companies such as Macy’s, Kohl’s, Lord amp; Taylor, Saks Fifth Avenue Von Maur, Bloomingdales, Neiman Marcus. There also exist indirect competitors like eBay and other online stores. Of course they don’t offer the same service but you can usually get the same brands at a cheaper price. Chapter 6 Disney Q1: What does Disney do best to connect with its core customers? Although the company was once targeting the 3 to 8 year old crowds through their films and theme parks, since the year 2000 Disney has become a leader in the area of multimedia conglomerates, marketing their brand towards infants and toddlers. Disney actively appeals parents and youthful fantasies and tries hard to transform every child into a lifetime consumer of Disney. The newer marketing campaigns target newborns. Disney attempts to partner with hospitals to market the latest line, Disney Baby. Such a partnership allows Disney to increase its customer base and build brand loyalty from the earliest opportunity. The brand continued to expand over several decades. It covers Movies, Books, DVD’s, Toys, recording labels, theatrical perfomances, theme parks and Media networks (e.g. ESPN, ABC and the Disney Channel). With every Disney â€Å"brand† present on Facebook the company is able to interact and connect with a vast audience of fans – from young to old. Q2: WhatShow MoreRelatedMarketing sustainability1333 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The relevance of sustainability in marketing decision making What is marketing? What exactly is marketing? Is it just convincing people to buy products through various media? Billboards, TV commercials, junk mail and magazines filled with advertisements? From the consumer’s perspective, that is how it seems (Kotler et al. 2010, p. 5). But from a business’s standpoint, marketing is viewed very differently. 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Aristotle s Philosophy Of Aristotle - 1725 Words

I will be discussing what makes a person moral or just according to Aristotle. In addition, I will talk about what Aristotle believes is the explanation and cause for bad moral choices. In order to answer these questions, however, we must first learn about how Aristotle approached philosophy. Aristotle was a student of Plato, and as one might expect, he is a virtue theorist much like his mentor. This means that he emphasizes virtues and moral character and that the best way to resolve moral questions is by focusing on the moral agent. However, unlike Plato who is a rationalist, Aristotle is an empiricist. Since he is an empiricist, he uses his senses to first to observe the world, then later uses reason to understand it. It is because of these two reasons that he will develop his definition of a moral and just person which to him is someone who follows the Golden Mean. The Golden Mean is the cornerstone of Aristotle’s entire argument of what makes a person just and it is defi ned as the idea that all actions have a middle ground that lie in a mean and that virtue is this mean which lies between two extremes. The first step in understanding exactly what the Golden Mean is, and thus determining what makes a person virtuous, is to look at what makes up the basis of the Golden Mean: happiness. According to Aristotle, each action that we do has an end that is further and further than the last. It is like when a child asks why. It starts with the kid asking a simple question andShow MoreRelatedAristotle And Aristotle s Philosophy1782 Words   |  8 PagesBoth Plato and Aristotle were prominent philosophers during their time and even today remain some of the most well-known philosophers ever. Aristotle was a student of Plato’s and Plato’s influence was noticeable throughout Aristotle’s work. 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Under this philosophy the idea exists that there is a real world not constructed by human minds, that can be known by one s own mind. It is through experiencing the world around everyone in whichRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy Of Nature1731 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle was an influential Greek philosopher and during his time he made significant and profound contributions to the world through his teachings. Teachings such as his philosophy of nature, mathematics ethics, biology and art. Through many of his teachings and influential contributions in today’s society now, we now use what he taught and evolved from there as the years go by. In Aristotle’s life time he transformed the human knowledge that we have now. Giving it all new meanings and purposeRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Philosophy1904 Words   |  8 PagesThere have been tons of philosophers throughout the last millennium and so on that have developed their ideas and supported them through various means. 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Doc Systems Building- Problems & Challenges with Free Example

Question: Explain the problems and challenges existing in Doc Systems Billing.Inc. to develop as an organization. Answer: Introduction Doc system Billing Insurance Inc is a company that process billing paperwork in terms of insurance processing. The organization basically works for United States based small clinics. General physicians, cardiologists, physical therapists are having contract to the company for process billing through maze kind of network. Based on the provider contract the company charges its payment values. Billing Specialist The case study explains the case for redesigning a call center, for solving this issue senior director, organizational development consultant, medical insurance specialist, senior insurance consultant is having a meeting for finding the solution for the problems rose in the call center. In the case of the consideration of redesigning the call center, the main issue is related to the processing time of the payments (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). The clients want the payments as soon as possible, so they send the billing request to the authority. The slow processing speed is the biggest problem regarding the payments. Except this issue, there are certain cases, which are very critical compared to the typical situations. So these cases need more time than the regular one (Pitta Franzak, 2013). This time, a requirement can cause loss of a client, and the client will not use the services of the insurance company, which will in terms harm the financial condition of the enterprise. Lack of employees and strategic processes are the main challenges of the insurance company. One insurance company is always concerned with the loyalty benefits from their clients (Albon, Iqba Pearson, 2016). The customers always need and want proper care from the authority in the insurance industry. The good performance of the administration makes the performance level high of the company. 2.0 Plan appropriate individual and group interventions for the issues in the Doc Systems Billing.IncIn Doc System Billing Inc. appropriate individual program and the different group, interventions are implemented. Many issues have occurred, which may destroy the total system (Maslach, Leiter Jackson, 2012). Five key people of the company basically took all the vital decisions regarding the future business benefits. They are the senior director, organization development consultant, medical insurance specialist, and senior insurance consultant. The company arranged a meeting to organizational developm ent engagement plan and plans for all subsequent team meetings (Parris Peachey, 2013). First of all redesigning of the total system is adopted to develop the overall program. The processing time of the scheme is feeble. Thus, they need to acquire a time improving the system. They should implement a quicker database implementation process to make the billing easy to the clients (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). Thus they should obtain some quick safe and rapid transaction method.Secondly, every individual take place in the in the process are found to be very critical regarding success criteria. In order to mitigate this issue, they must include the most important metric of any system time management system.Thirdly as per the divided workload, the organization should arrange their needs and thus implement them respectively (Pitta Franzak, 2013).Fourthly, the contractual agreement should be mitigated as in this case some unusual number of patients only gets the higher priority than th e others. Some pending cases should be resolved in the new plan. The people working for the company should go through individual training and development programs.DocSystems Billing Inc Company possesses insurance paperwork in for small sized health care clinic organization. The company charges the flat level fee for the different bill and the percentage of the total contract with the providers (Maslach, Leiter Jackson, 2012). Along with this, around hundred number of people work at an outsourced call center. The work process has two relevant structures. These are old structure and new structure. In the old structure, the Jim is connected to Alex and Dana. Where Sic team is connected to Alex and Dana is connected to MIS team (Schneider, Ehrhart Macey, 2013). From the first client meeting and overall discussion, it is defined that several issues have occurred during the implementation of the plan (Parris Peachey, 2013). Jim asked Dave for facilitating a meeting in order to help th e company. The occurred issues are resolved with the following methods:The company wants to redesign the call center working process. The first problem is time management as the clients want their payment as early as possible (Maslach, Leiter Jackson, 2012). The company must obtain certain advanced technologies to overcome this.For the lower speed, the company is worried about losing its consumers. Thus, they should acquire friendly and quick services (Pitta Franzak, 2013).The organization has the contractual agreement with their processing timelines, but the biggest problem is the cases get escalated to the members of the group.The cases related to the company are remaining with the insurance, and less number of employees is another reasons. Thus, the Company must hire a great many people regarding working improvement. Conclusion From the above discussion it is defined that they need to form particular plan rather group interventions regarding corporate event. Suitable beneficial options that attract the customer more in the insurance industry must be incorporated. If the organization enables to resolve these issues then it will make a huge profit for Doc Systems Billing Inc. References Albon, S. P., Iqba, I., Pearson, M. L. (2016). Strategic Planning in an Educational Development Centre: Motivation, Management, and Messiness. Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching, 9, 227-236Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014). Organizational change for corporate sustainability. RoutledgeMaslach, C., Leiter, M. P., Jackson, S. E. (2012). Making a significant difference with burnout interventions: Researcher and practitioner collaboration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 296-300.Parris, D. L., Peachey, J. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of business ethics, 113(3), 377-393Pitta, D., Franzak, F. (2013). Boundary spanning product development in consumer markets: learning organization insights. Journal of Product Brand ManagementSchneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., Macey, W. H. (2013). Organizational climate and culture. Annual review of psychology, 64, 361-388

King`s Rebellion Essays - Nonviolence, Community Organizing

King`s Rebellion "...A little rebellion now and then is a good thing...It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government." Thomas Jefferson Thoreau, a transcendentalist from the mid 19th century and Martin Luther King Jr., the Civil Rights movement leader of a century later both believed the necessity of medicine for government. Although they showed disagreement of opinion on issues regarding voting, both writers agreed on the necessity to reform the government and the means of accomplishing it. In King's Letter from Birmingham Jail and Thoreau's Civil Disobedience, both agreed on injustice of majority to rule over minority, both resisted the government passively, and both wanted a better government immediately. The majority is not necessarily right, but they have always been the ones in power because they are the strongest and the most influential. Therefore, all the laws are written by the majority, almost all are in favor of the majority, and all are enforced by the majority. According to King, a law drafted by the majority is only just when the minority are willing to follow it. He wrote "An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself" (2:475). In other words, if a law denies the right of the minority or is inflicted upon the minority by force, then it is not a just law. Similar opinions are shared by Thoreau, when he writes "But a government in which the majority rule in all cases cannot be based on justice..."(1:1425). Both agreed that if a law is unjust, it is the duty of the opposition to break the law, and do what they believe to be right. Once a law is broken, the person must be willing to accept the consequences, which may be the penalty of imprisonment. Although laws may be unjust, but it must be respected regardless. King fears that anarchy will result if laws are not respected; Thoreau describes that rebellion will be the consequence if laws are not given respect. Consequently, both chooses to passively resist the laws they believed that are against their morals, and are prepared to accept imprisonment . The exercise of passive resistance is the basis of the title of Thoreau's work, and King presents several examples of "civil disobedience" in his letter, including the Boston Tea Party. King not only exercises passive resistance, he also provides the procedure to be followed for any nonviolent campaign. They are: collection of the facts to determine whether injustice exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action (2:471). He points out that he has gone through all the steps, and direct action is what brought him to the Birmingham Jail. Recognition of injustice and passive resistance described by both authors is to point out the need of government reformation. Thoreau calls for a better government, immediately, and points out that the fastest way to improve government is to "let every man make know what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it" (1:1425). King does not directly states the need to reform government, but instead, he states the need to reform the existing social structure, which goes hand in hand with governmental progress. He advocates social equality and racial justice, believing "Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds" (2:471), and passively fighting against unjust laws forced upon the minority. Even though Thoreau agreed with King on the issues, he also made contradictory statements directly against what he supported. He wrote "If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go, let it go..." stating that if injustice was inevitable and helped to improve government, then it was justified. Opposed to his passive resistance, he also justified bloodshed as he stated "But even suppose blood should flow. Is there not a sort of blood shed when the conscience is wounded?" (1:1432). As for improvements to government, he believed "That government is best which governs not at all" (1:1425). Thoreau's writing is vague, and mostly an appeal to the intellect, which sharply contrasted with the writing of King, an appeal to the emotion of the readers. Although both writing made similar points, they are also a sharp contrast of the other and undoubtedly very unique.

Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions

Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions Completing an Argumentative Essay on Pros and Cons of Abortions There are many topics, which stir interest of the public and can rise hot discussions not depending where it takes place: in a class, among friends or during presidential debates. One of them is whether abortion is legal, so many professors decide to assign an argumentative essay on this complex subject. Some people think that abortion may be called a murder and it should be prohibited by all the authorities. On the other hand, some supporters believe that parents have a right to decide until the baby is born. That is why such a debatable issue is a perfect topic for a discussion. You may think that discussing such topics may be an impossible task but let us assure you that knowing all the aspects and tips it is quite achievable! How to start an essay on abortion One of the biggest challenges you have, when writing an argumentative essay is that you need to put aside all your emotions and concentrate on the facts. Of course, you may have your personal opinion on abortions but before starting an essay, you need to leave aside emotions and prejudice to give objective information on the matter. At first, you may find it very difficult to follow the facts, when sticking to your personal beliefs. But with time and practice, it will be easier for you to put aside all the emotions and stay true to the formality and facts. All the arguments in your essay should be backed with credible information, philosophical support and academic argumentations. That is why you should always start with a research on the topic. How a perfect research looks like The biggest challenge of making a research is that you will have to face information, which may be not as credible as you wished. In most of the times, looking for such data online, you will find websites with false data and it will only do you harm. That is why, if you want to complete a thoughtful argumentative essay on abortion, you need to use only credible sources and materials, which you find in various books, philosophical papers and scientific researches. How to complete ‘pros and cons’ essays The style and the structure of your paper may greatly depend on whether you want to support pro-life or pro-choice beliefs, so first you need to make sure which side you are going to highlight. Here are the main things you need to consider: Make sure the reader understands what side you are one. It doesn’t mean that you need to provide your personal opinion on the matter but it is important to concentrate on a certain side of the topic, even if you choose to take the middle road; Always research the reasons of both sides to make sure you clearly understand the subject. For example, those, who stand on a pro-life position, claim that a fetus of only ten weeks old already has arms, legs and looks like a human being. On contrary, pro-choice activists discuss whether a fetus can be called a person; When you complete a research paper on abortion, always study the arguments of the opposition, as you will be able to fight back and prepare facts to support your point of views; When completing an argumentative essay on abortion or any other controversial topic, always rely on facts and complete a thorough research, providing all the details in a scientific and objective way. Following this rule will help you to avoid misunderstanding and obtain high grades. Hopefully, these simple rules will help you to write an essay on abortion and avoid all the difficulties any argumentative essay may bring.

Labor Unions and Their Impact on the Economy Essay - 1

Labor Unions and Their Impact on the Economy - Essay Example As the report declares the state employees are not happy with the proposal of the governor that they would have to make a contribution of 5.8 % of their salary towards schemes of pension along with the payment of 12.6 % of their insurance premiums for health. In this report of the research paper, various arguments in support of the union’s protest will be presented.This paper highlights that on  February 15, 2011, the public employees, community supporters and union activists in a number of more than 15,000 jammed at the Capitol Square in Madison for protesting the governor’s plan to band the rights of the workers and demolish jobs of middle class community of the society. The governor denied making any changes in his plans and has mentioned that if the bill is not passed by the state legislature, he would compel massive layoffs along with hampering of state services and thus would cost several jobs.  The move of the governor has been demonstrated as a way of politi cal business that is interested in taking the rights away from the people. The appeal of a few protestors is such that they are in complete support to the governor’s activities for balancing the budget but not at the sake of the worker’s rights, as evident from the views of a retired Communications Workers of America member.  The protestors mentioned that the governor was imparting the bad effects of a budget bill by setting up such a policy that would take away the general rights of the people.

Mg Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mg - Assignment Example Secondly, self-aware individuals exhibit humility and approachability on a unique scale (Torey, 2014). This is inspired by the fact that becoming self-aware requires one to avoid all forms of masquerades and facades, and to accept who they are and what their objectives are. Once they have found peace within themselves, they begin viewing other individuals as flawed but equally valuable in their own right. In a group setting, a self-aware leader will always try to reach out to colleagues and reassure them in all ways possible (Torey, 2014). The ability to see and accept others as imperfect but useful comes from self-awareness. Finally, a self-aware person in a group context displays confidence self-belief in an explicit and positive way (Cunningham, 2014). Self-awareness means trusting one’s judgment and thinking despite the existence of weaknesses. For example, an individual who is self-aware might have excellent technical skills and poor soft skills. However, the individual will exhibit enough confidence in his technical ability to counteract or even mask weakness in soft skills. This level of self-belief comes from

Current government priorities Essay Example for Free

Current government priorities Essay How far does the budget reflect current government priorities? Governments view of the economy could be summed up in a few short phrases: If it moves, tax it. If it keeps moving, regulate it. And if it stops moving, subsidise it Ronald Reagan In my coursework I shall be discovering what the annual government budget is, what it is spent on and why, correlating this with current priorities. I shall be investigating to what extent does the governments expenditure reflect on these current government priorities i. e. the amount spent on defence, the education sector and social protection. I shall be mostly using secondary research, through using websites and maybe books. I will compare spending from previous budgets to the current one and find out where changes, if any, have been made. Through figuring out where the money is spent, I can discover what the main priorities are but not neglecting the fact that some sectors are larger and undoubtedly require money being spent, e.g. Healthcare and public order safety. Government expenditure is vital for the efficient running of the economy. The need for much of the government expenditure arises from the facts that some goods will not be provided at all by a free market economy (public goods) and that others will be under-provided (merit goods). It is spending on these goods that accounts for a large proportion of government spending (health, education, police and defence, among others). Some government expenditure is aimed at providing a safety net for the less well off in society and ensuring that they are able to survive in the event that they lose their jobs or have insufficient income. The department that deals with the allocation of most of this money is the Department of Social Security. Other government expenditure is aimed at various areas that may be considered important in a developed economy providing a transport infrastructure, supporting the work of local government and servicing any debts that may have been accumulated in the past. Fiscal policy refers to government policy that attempts to influence the direction of the economy through changes in government spending or taxes. Fiscal policy can be contrasted with the other main type of economic policy, monetary policy which attempts to stabilize the economy by controlling interest rates and the supply of money. The government in power needs to ensure that the budget expenditure is divided correctly and proportionately to the areas that require it most. This depends on the government priorities. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are government spending and taxation. Changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending can impact on the following variables in the economy: On aggregate demand and the level of economic activity; the pattern of resource allocation and the distribution of income. Fiscal policy is the use of government expenditure and taxation to manage the economy. The main changes in fiscal policy happen once a year in the Budget. It is in the Budget that the Chancellor sets the levels of taxation and government expenditure for the next fiscal year. The fiscal year runs from 6th April one year until 5th April the following year. This is why the budget is usually in March. The changes in it come generally into effect in the following month. Fiscal policy is based on the theories of British economist John Maynard Keynes. Also known as Keynesian economics, this theory basically states that governments can influence macroeconomic productivity levels by increasing or decreasing tax levels and public spending. This influence, in turn, curbs inflation (generally considered to be healthy when at a level between 2-3%), increases employment and maintains a healthy value of money. Unfortunately, the effects of any fiscal policy are not the same on everyone. Depending on the political orientations and goals of the policymakers, a tax cut could affect only the middle class, which is typically the largest economic group. In times of economic decline and rising taxation, it is this same group that may have to pay more taxes than the wealthier upper class. Similarly, when a government decides to adjust its spending; its policy may affect only a specific group of people. A decision to build a new bridge, for example, will give work and more income to hundreds of construction workers. A decision to spend money on building a new space shuttle, on the other hand, benefits only a small, specialized pool of experts, which would not do much to increase aggregate employment levels. Graph to show inflation rates in the UK compared with the United States and Canada. Monetary Policy involves changes in the base rate of interest to influence the rate of growth of aggregate demand, the money supply and ultimately price inflation. Monetarist economists believe that monetary policy is a more powerful weapon than fiscal policy in controlling inflation. Monetary policy also involves changes in the value of the exchange rate since fluctuations in the currency also impact on macroeconomic activity (incomes, output and prices). Basically, it is the process by which the government/ bank controls the supply of money, or trading in foreign exchange markets. Monetary policy is generally referred to as either being an expansionary policy, or a contractionary policy, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy, and a contractionary policy decreases the total money supply. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates, while contractionary policy has the goal of raising interest rates to combat inflation or calming an overheated economy. The government receives its money from many different areas, the graph on the next page shows exactly where from and how much: As from the chart we can see that the largest proportion of governments income is due to income tax that at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½157bn it is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½63bn more than the 2nd largest. Tax comes in many forms, as shown by the chart and when totaled up it is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½587bn, this breaks down to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9,650 for every man, woman and child in the UK per year. What is the money used for and spent on? Well the money that the government has gathered from its many different forms of tax is spent entirely on the public. The pie chart below clearly represents what these different sectors are and how much money is actually spent on them. As we can see social protection is predominantly the largest sector that government spending is allocated with a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½57bn lead on the second largest, health, at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½104bn. From this chart it can be easy to assume that the areas with the largest spending would be those that are the largest priorities. That can be accepted to a certain extent to where you look deeper within that and take into account that some sectors are larger than others and therefore require more money to keep them running, i.e. social protection. Now I shall look at the different sectors and analyze each one, looking at the governments main aims and objectives and comparing whether the money they are spending on each one is reflecting that; for example if in public order and safety the government wanted to initiate huge crackdown on underage drinkers and vandalism then surely the money spent in that area would be increased dramatically. I shall compare what was spent on those sectors in the year 2006 and compare that with the budget released in 2007. Taking into account inflation, which from 2006 to 2007 was 3% I can work out whether spending, has increased by a lot, remained the same or dropped. To begin with I shall look at the area of social protection, which is the largest of all spending. Social protection consists of policies and programs designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient labor markets, diminishing peoples exposure to risks, enhancing their capacity to protect themselves against hazards and interruption or loss of income. In 2006 the government spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½151bn on social protection whereas in 2007 they spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½161bn, which even after taking into account inflation this is still a dramatic increase. This could by due to the fact that unemployment has risen from 2006 2007 and with employment and training being an area of social protection, more money is being spent to try and bring the figures down again. The next sector that I shall look at is the environment. Protecting the environment is a major concern for todays government; well it has been for many years but even more so now. As Britains industry continues to expand and destroy most of our beloved countryside and pollute our skies, pressure groups and environmentalists increase the strain on the government to protect and instigate new legislation to help reduce the effects of the unstoppable industry. In attempts to keep these groups happy the government invests more money every year to meet their demands. Examples of these include the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½800m environmental transformation fund and funding for cleaner ways to produce energy such as wind farms and nuclear power. There has been an increase of expenditure for housing and environment from 2006 2007 of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4bn, which concludes the fact that it is an ever-increasing issue. This research indicates that current government spending in the environment does directly reflect the fact that is a main priority. In the past 3 years it has shown that the government has increased its spending by around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4bn per annum on the environment. If compared with other sections of spending, the environment ranks lower in comparison with others, such as social protection. This could signify that the environment is not classed as such a high priority; although relating to my earlier point of stating that the some areas are larger and therefore require more money suggests that it is not less of a priority. However, it could also be due to the fact that the government believes that protection of the population and the healthcare too are more of a priority than preserving the environment. So it can be looked at in both ways. I myself believe that the government thinks the environment is less of a priority and therefore less money should be invested there. Healthcare in Britain is different to that in most other countries in the way that we have adopted a system called the National Health Service. The NHS is paid for through our taxes and so therefore offers healthcare for everyone in the UK and securing the provision of comprehensive, high quality care for all those who need it, regardless of their ability to pay or where they live or their age. The aims set out by the Department of Health are to: * Supporting activity at national level to protect, promote and improve the nations health; * Securing responsive social care and child protection for those who lack the support they need. The key objectives for pursuing these aims are to: * To reduce the incidence of avoidable illness, disease and injury in the population. * To treat people with illness, disease or injury quickly, effectively and on the basis of need alone. * To enable people, who are unable to perform essential activities of daily living, including those with chronic illness, disability or terminal illness, to live as full and normal lives as possible. * To maximise the social development of children within stable family settings. These aims and objectives are generic to most years of the NHS but as research and new technologies develop the spending must increase to match demands of the population. In 2002 the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced that by 2008 there would be the largest ever increase in health spending at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40bn. This is a huge enlargement of the budget spending and obviously shows that health is a main priority if the government is willing to increase its spending by this much. It has been released that every year there shall be an increase of around 4% on health spending. Although the government is injecting a large section of the budget into health care it is not dramatically increasing it every year and sacrificing other sectors money to pour more into healthcare. The government is slowly increasing the amount spent in health and all the time, every year introducing new legislations and targets to make the NHS a more efficient and improved service for everyone within the UK. We are determined to maintain our disciplined approach, determined not to make the old British mistakes of paying ourselves too much today at the cost of higher interest rates and fewer jobs tomorrow Gordon Brown This quote suggests that by not putting too much money into a single sector it reduces the chances of having an economic backlash in the future. I agree with this and believe that by making smaller steps and gradually increasing expenditure it improves the economy at a much greater scale in the long run and prevents unwanted repercussions that may damage the economy. By pushing more money into the sectors it could cause the desired effect to become counter-productive and hinder more than help. Some people believe that the budget is only increasing in the health sector by such amounts because the ongoing criticisms have driven the government to improve its image and please the people to keep the current party in power. Fostering high standards of education is the Governments greatest responsibility. In England this responsibility lies with the Departments for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF). About 93 per cent of children are educated in state-run primary and secondary schools; the remainder go to independent schools that rely on privately-paid tuition fees. Through these central government organisations, the provision of education in the UK includes monitoring and improving standards in schools, colleges and universities; ensuring that everyone no matter what disability or special need they may have is included and has access to high quality education; promoting work experience for young people and vocational training for employees; and encouraging lifelong learning. Through the British Council, the Government actively promotes education in the UK to countries all over the world. Other major organisations help to guide and make welcome some 275,000 overseas students who currently enjoy the advantages of living and studying in the UK. Before June 2007 schools were the responsibility of the former Department for Education and Skills. Education is gradually becoming increasingly more important within the UK as greater than ever numbers of young graduates roam the job market relegating others without degrees into a league of themselves. To employers education is the main thing they look at on CVs, dismissing experience and background for the simple number on the piece of paper. So education is a main priority for the government to try and make Britains children as well qualified as they can be, pushing the economy further up the ladder and improving things for all. So education for the government has became a huge priority and this can be shown by the recent announcement to raise the school minimum leaving age to 18; offering college courses and apprenticeships and also A-Levels to every child. Implementing this new legislation would obviously require a huge increase in the budget allocated for education, which would either mean another increased tax, which has happened for the past 11 years while Gordon Brown had been Chancellor, or sacrificing other areas of spending to improve education. Making these decisions requires undoubtedly many months of thinking and consultation before arriving at a suitable judgment. In the 2007 budget report, the government announced that investment in education and skills would rise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½90bn by 2010/2011. In a clearer spectrum, there is a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4bn increase from 2006 to 2007 then a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5bn increase from 2007 to 2008 and therefore proves that the government is gradually increasing the percentage increase spent on education annually. In evaluation it can be said that although there isnt a dramatic increase in the spending on the education sector, there are other factors that affect the efficiency of it too. For example money may not be being spent efficiently in the employment and the social protection areas, which are having a direct effect on the education, this can easily be mistaken as problems within the education spending rather than stepping back and realising that it could be issues somewhere else. Increasing the funding in education and training programs could significantly reduce unemployment levels (a major concern for the government) and increase the productivity per worker. In the UK the productivity per worker is substantially lower than other countries such as the US and Germany by as far as 30% in 2002. I believe that education is a major priority for the current government as competition from other countries towers above Britain and with the productivity per worker as low as it is, surely suggests that something within the education sector must be improved to raise our working standards. As the investment in education carries on rising at such rates it must be taken for granted it is becoming an even greater priority, especially with other countries almost mocking us with their efficiency. In 2007 we missed 24 of our 57 targets set by the government in education which raised awareness of the problem widely and brought it to the forefront of priorities. I believe in Britain we need better qualifications to lower unemployment and bring our workforce into the productivity ranges we need to compete with other countries or otherwise our place in the worlds economy will gradually being to fall. In comparison with previous years spending the 2007 budget does not seem to have any major, out of place differences with previous years and generally it appears every sector has just risen with the same annual percentage. However it is within these sectors where the money expenditure has changed. Implementing new legislations and programs, eliminating ineffective ideas and changing the dynamics of how each area is run is where the change in money being spent has taken place. This is a pie chart to represent the budget was spent in 2006: In 2007: In conclusion the amount spent on each sector does reflect the amount to which it is a priority but many other factors must be taken into account when judging that. Some areas such as social protection are such a far larger sector than that of industry, agriculture, employment and training and therefore will ultimately require more money to keep it running smoothly and keep the economic balance. Other areas may be of greater importance and priority such as education, but by spending ridiculous amounts of money on it will be counter-productive and cause many long term problems so despite the fact it is more of a priority, by spending less money on it does not reflect that. By reviewing past years budgets and comparing them with more recent ones it is possible to find where greater amounts of spending has occurred and what sectors are gradually having a greater percentage increase in their spending annually. Another reason why spending doesnt reflect current government priorities is because although spending may not increase that much, time and effort to reorganise and implement new legislation to improve an area could equally suggest that it is a priority but money would not solve it, just improving the efficiency would. Sometimes spending money on one area will directly affect another positively anyway such as improving education will also improve employment and training. As a general rule the governments role is to keep inflation low, keep unemployment low, balance in international trade and maintain a flourishing and prospering economy. The government has been investing large amounts of money into training schemes and other projects that have ultimately led to the unemployment rate falling to 5.2% in February 2008. The claimant count was 793,500 in February 2008, down 2,800 over the previous month and down 126,500 over the year. This is the lowest figure since June 1975. The claimant count has now fallen for 17 consecutive months. This shows that the investments into training and education has led to the fall in unemployment which proves my theory that spending in other sectors subsequently helps others. One could just quite plainly say that the government spending does not reflect current government priorities or otherwise if it did then there would be a perfect economy because the money spent would be used to its full potential in exactly the right places, doing exactly the right thing; lowering unemployment, improving healthcare, lowering inflation etc. I believe that the difference in the previous budget and the current one describes the extent to which the budget reflects current government priorities better than the looking at the budget itself as the current priorities will determine how much spending will increase in each sector and those with the larger increases (after taking into account inflation) show that they are more of a priority than those with little or no increase. Generally, the government invests the money into areas which is sees to be crucial for the future, so dependent on the priorities, the budget is spent taking into account these and areas of needed development; so if it isnt spent directly reflecting government priorities, it has taken these into account and spent it most wisely considering areas that need improvement but are not always priorities. Bibliography http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/fiscalpolicy/public_spending.htm http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/economy/policy/tools/government/ http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/fiscalpolicy/public_spending.htm http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/economy/policy/tools/government/gexpex.htm http://budget2007.treasury.gov.uk/page_09.htm http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/budget/budget_07/bud_bud07_index.cfm http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/spending_review/spend_index.cfm http://budget2006.treasury.gov.uk/page_09.html http://www.adb.org/SocialProtection/default.asp http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/Documents/UK_Economy/Fiscal_Policy/ukecon_fisc_policy99.cfm http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780198776222/carlin_chap05.pdf http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/index.htm http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=844 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/bank/business/external/policy/expl.htm http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page7489.asp

Positions of Blacks in the Civil War and Emancipation Essay example --

â€Å"Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pockets, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship in the United States." The quote mentioned above was proclaimed by African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass, and served as motivation for African Americans to enlist in the Union’s Army efforts and take an initiative in their future. With President Abraham Lincoln's issue of his Preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, the Civil War developed to be a war to ultimately save the union and to abolish slavery. Blacks overall played a substantial part in the victory of the union, helping them turn the tide against the confederate army. In all, there were roughly 200,000 black soldiers who served in over 100 units in the Union Army and Navy (10 percent of the Union). But while their involvement in war efforts deemed valuable there was tension on many fronts, there were major anti-Black prejudice against black involvement from people in Free states and in the loyal slave states; who were not in favor of arming the Black soldiers and letting them participate in combat. With tha t being said, what were the Social conditions for blacks in the North (Franklin) and the South (Augusta) prior to the war? How did many African Americans participate in the war and in what way? Did these conditions post war? The main purpose of this paper is to monitor African American contributions to the war and illustrate how these contributions changed their social status in society. With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, it forecasted tremendous change for the entire country... ...863. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/FN0000. †¢ Christy, Jacob. â€Å"Franklin County: Jacob Christy to Mary Jane Demus, August 10, 1864.† The Valley of the Shadow, August 10, 1864. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/papers/F3004. †¢ Hargrove, Hondon B. Black Union Soldiers in the Civil War. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1988. †¢ Jordan, Ervin L. Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia. Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1995. †¢ Mobley, Joe A. Weary of War†¯: Life on the Confederate Home Front. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2008. †¢ Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the Civil War. Boston: Little, Brown, 1969. †¢ Wesley, Charles H. Afro-Americans in the Civil War: From Slavery to Citizenship. 1979 ed. International Library of Afro-American Life and History. Cornwells Heights, Pa: Publishers Agency, 1978.

Critical Essay of Mark Twain’s “The Damned Human Race”

Mark Twain, through a heavy dose of satire, irony, and a not-so-subtle attempt at the scientific method, provides readers with an effective, but flawed, argument as to why humans are the lowest of animals in his essay The Damned Human Race. While the essay is successful in providing facts that support Twain's claim of humans have descended from animals, and not the other way around, his bias and pessimism towards the human race in general strongly emanates from the essay, and he does not provide any opportunity for the reader to gather any evidence to the contrary of his beliefs, further limiting the legitimacy of his argument.Twain provides several sound reasons for stating that humans are worse than animals, all conveyed in an effective manner. He makes simple and definitive statements which are generally believed to be true of humans and not animals, and elaborates on these statements to pinpoint just what is wrong with human beings. For example, Twain states â€Å"Man is the onl y Patriot† (Twain). While most believe this to be a positive trait of humans, Twain immediately follows this statement by stating that humans are the only species to kill one another for their countries, writing: Man is the only Patriot.He sets himself apart in his own country, under his own flag, and sneers at the other nations, and keeps multitudinous uniformed assassins on hand at heavy expense to grab slices of other people’s countries, and keep them from grabbing slices of his. And in the intervals between campaigns he washes the blood off his hands and works for the universal brotherhood of man, with his mouth.(Twain) Twain goes to on to point out that humans are the only species that take slaves, are the only species to take more than they need, and the only species that claim religions, and provides specific examples of different types of animals behaving differently in this regard (Twain). His points are effective arguments because he uses facts and strong lang uage to solidify each point that he makes, and does so in a way that leaves little for argument.While the points that Mark Twain makes in his essay are for all intents and purposes true, and he conveys his beliefs in a very effective manner, the essay as a whole is not a successful argument, largely because he primarily uses only one of the three main means of persuasion. Twain provides facts throughout his essay that are generally hard to argue with in regards to the bad things that humans are capable of that animals are not, but does not use emotion to trigger a response from the reader.This could be by design because of his use of heavy satire, and the fact that this was written in a scientific manner rather, which generally are written to not contain the author's emotions. There is a clear lack of ethical appeal, or ethos, in Twain's essay because of the fact that he is writing this in an official scientific capacity, though he is clearly not a scientist. He also does not provid e information that may contradict his beliefs, which prohibits the reader from gathering opposing views of the story.Twain could have easily provided facts and arguments that point out the good things that human beings are capable of that animals are not, such as charities, social welfare programs, and medical care. With that said, The Damned Human Race is an essay containing heavy satire, something that Twain makes apparent almost immediately by stating â€Å"I have not guessed or speculated or conjectured, but have used what is commonly called the scientific method† (Twain).By the time that this essay was published in 1905, Twain was an established as a well-known author, known for his humor and famous works rather than scientific prowess. Also, at this point in his life, Twain was also very open about his overall disdain for the human race in general, perhaps due to circumstances regarding his family and life experiences, though it has been debated that Twain had no more o f a troubled life than most normal people (Byrne 19).All of these things prohibit his essay from being considered a legitimate argument, and points to it being more a rant by the author, however effective it may be. While Mark Twain provides many solid facts about the human race that are true and should be noted by the reader, the heavy doses of clear bias and satire overwhelm any legitimacy the essay could possibly carry. It is also difficult to ignore the cynicism throughout the piece, even in the last line when Twain is describing the human races declension from animals, stating, â€Å"Below us, nothing† (Twain).

The Essential Goal Of Witness Protection Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4539 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Witness is an important constituent of the administration of justice. By giving evidence linking to the charge of the offence the witness performs a sacred duty of assisting the court to discover the truth. This is the reason why before giving evidence he/she either takes an oath in the name of God or makes a solemn affirmation that he/she will speak the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Essential Goal Of Witness Protection Law Essay" essay for you Create order The witness has no risk in the decision of the criminal court as he is neither the accused nor the victim. The witness performs an important public duty of assisting the court in deciding on the guilt or otherwise of the accused in the case. He sacrifices his time and takes the trouble to travel all the way to the court to give evidence. The witness performs an important public duty of assisting the court in deciding on the guilt or otherwise of the accused in the case. He sacrifices his time and takes the trouble to travel all the way to the court to give evidence. The witness should therefore be treated with great respect and consideration as a guest of honour. Unfortunately, all these are seen not to be happening in the courts. There are two broad aspects to the need for witness protection. The first is to ensure that evidence of witnesses that has already been collected at the stage of investigation is not allowed to be destroyed by witnesses resiling from their statements whi le deposing on oath before a court. This phenomenon of witnesses turning `hostile on account of the failure to `protect their evidence is one aspect of the problem. This in turn would involve special procedures to be introduced into the criminal law to balance the need for anonymity of witnesses on the one hand and the rights of the accused, on the other, for an open public trial with a right to cross examination of the witnesses, after knowing all details about witnesses. The other aspect is the physical and mental vulnerability of the witness and to the taking care of his or her welfare in various respects which call for physical protection of the witness at all stages of the criminal justice process till the conclusion of the case. This can be done by the introduction of witness protection programmes. While the first aspect of protecting the evidence of witnesses from the danger of their turning hostile has received limited attention at the hands of Parliament in some special statutes dealing with terrorism, there is an urgent need to have a comprehensive legislative scheme dealing with the second aspect of physical protection of the witness as well. Further, both aspects of anonymity and witness protection will have to be ensured in all criminal cases involving grave crimes not limited to terrorist crimes. The implementation of such a law would involve drawing up: (a) Procedures for granting anonymity to witnesses and also (b) Introducing Witness Protection Programmes in which personal protection is granted to the witness; sometimes by shifting the witness to a different place or even a different country; or by providing some money for maintenance or even by providing employment elsewhere. Unfortunately, all these are seen not to be happening in the courts and the countries. When the witness goes to the court for giving evidence there is hardly any officer of the court who will be there to receive him, provide a seat and tell him where the c ourt he is to give evidence is located or to give him such other assistance as he may need. In most of the courts there is no designated place with proper arrangements for seating and resting while waiting for his turn to be examined as a witness in the court. Toilet facility, drinking water and other amenities like food and refreshment even are not provided. The witness bears all this to get nothing in return at all. The witness is not adequately compensated for the amount of money he spends for his traveling and staying in the town where the court is located. Rate of allowance fixed long back are quite unrealistic and not adequate to meet the minimum needs of the witness. Steps should therefore be taken to review the scales of traveling and other allowances taking into account the prevailing cost in the area where the court is located. What is worse is that even the allowances fixed are not paid to the witness immediately on the apparent ground that funds are not available. The re are also complaints of corrupt officials of the administration who draw the allowances and do not pay them to the witnesses. This is an unpardonable crime against the witnesses. Therefore effective steps have to be taken to ensure that payment of the allowances to the witness is neither denied nor delayed. Fool proof arrangements should be made to see that the allowances are paid immediately away. On top of all this, the witnesses and their families also face problems regarding safety. Yet, the witnesses help the court to give better justice without any fear of their life and property. The court in return should also show its gratification in an appropriate manner. Chapter1. PROBLEMS FACED BY A WITNESS ________________________________________________ The witness is one of the most important sources of information in discovering the truth about the case, but the pains and troubles he/she has to undergo to help the court is a lot as well. A major problem is about the safety of the witnesses and their family members who face danger at different stages. They are often threatened and the seriousness of the threat depends upon the type of the case and the background of the accused and his family. Many times crucial witnesses are threatened or injured prior to their testifying in the court. If the witness is still not agreeable he may even be murdered. In such situations the witness will not come forward to give evidence unless he is assured of protection or is guaranteed anonymity of some form of physical disguise. Some times holding of in-camera proceedings may be sufficient to protect the interest of the witness. I however the circumstances indicate that the life of any particular witness is in danger, the court must take such m easures as are necessary to keep the identity of the witness secret and make arrangements to ensure protection to the witness without affecting the right of the accused to cross examine him. The threat from the accused side may be before he gives his statement before the police officer or evidence in the court or after the conclusion of the trial. There is a growing tendency of subjecting the witness and his family members to serious threats to life, abduction or raping or damaging the witnesses property or harming his image and interest in other ways. The witness has no protection whatsoever. Many countries in the world have enacted laws for witnesses protection. There is no such law in India. The witness also suffers in the court in various other ways. When he comes to the court to give evidence he is often told that the case has been adjourned and is asked to come back on another city. When a case is adjourned, the witnesses in attendance are quite often not paid the allowance s. The witnesses should not be punished by denying him his rightful expenses for no fault of his own. Steps should therefore be taken to ensure that the witnesses are paid allowances on the same day if the case is adjourned. Quite often more than one witness is summoned to prove the same point. The prosecutor may pay attention to reduce duplication of evidence resulting in unnecessary waste of time of courts and expenses. The next portion is about the way the witness is treated during trial. The witness is entitled to be treated with courtesy when he arrives for giving evidence. Similarly, due courtesy should be shown to him when he enters the court for giving evidence. The present practice is to make the witness stand and give his evidence from the place designated for that purpose. Comfort, convenience and dignity of the witness should be the concern of the judge. A chair should be provided for the witness and requested to take his seat for giving evidence. The lawyer for the d efence in order to demonstrate that the witness is not truthful or a reliable person would ask all sorts of questions to him. When the questions are likely to annoy, insult or threaten the witness, the judge does not object and often sits as a mute spectator. It is high time the judges are sensitized about the responsibility to regulate cross examination so as to ensure that the witness is not ill treated affecting his dignity and honour. Therefore the High Courts should take measure through training and supervision to sensitize the judges of their responsibility to protect the rights of the witnesses. So far as witness is concerned, it is his primary duty to give true evidence of what he knows. Unfortunately this is not happening and the problem of perjury is growing. Chapter2. PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR WITNESS PROTECTION PROGRAMME ________________________________________________ Public trial and cross-examination of witnesses in open court: Indian laws Section 327 of Cr.PC provides for trial in the open court and 327 (2) provides for in-camera trials for offences involving rape under Section 376 of IPC and under Section 376 A to 376 D of the IPC. Section 273 requires the evidence to be taken in the presence of the accused. Section 299 indicates that in certain exceptional circumstances an accused may be denied his right to cross-examine a prosecution witness in open court. Further, under Section 173 (6) the police officer can form an opinion that any part of the statement recorded under Section 161 of a person the prosecution proposes to examine as its witness need not be disclosed to the accused if it is not essential in the interests of justice or is inexpedient in the public interest. Section 228A IPC prescribes punishment if the identity of the victim of rape is published. Likewise, Section 21 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 prohibits publication of the name, address and other particulars w hich may lead to the identification of the juvenile. Under Section 33 of the Evidence Act, in certain exceptional cases, where cross examination is not possible, previous deposition of the witness can be considered that relevant in subsequent proceedings. The Evidence Act requires to be looked into afresh to provide for protection to a witness. Protection of identity of witnesses: Special Statutes in India In the pre-constitutional era, Section 31 of the Bengal Suppression of Terrorist Outrages Act, 1932 empowered the special Magistrate to exclude persons or public from the precincts of the court. Section 13 of TADA, 1985 and Section 16 TADA 1987 provided for protection of the identity and address of a witness secret. Section 30 POTA 2002 is on the same lines as Section 16 TADA, 1987. Apart from these provisions in special statutes, there is a need for a general law dealing with witness anonymity in all criminal cases where there is danger to the life of the witness or of his relatives or to his property. Protection of identity of witnesses v. Rights of accused Principles of law developed by the Supreme Court and the High Courts In the pre-Maneka Gandhi phase the Supreme Court, in Gurbachan Singh v. State of Bombay  [1]  , upheld a provision of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 that denied permission to a detenue to cross-examine the witnesses who had deposed against him. It was held that the law was only to deal with exceptional cases where witnesses, for fear of violence to their person or property, were unwilling to depose publicly against bad character. At this stage, the issue was not examined whether the procedure was fair. The decisions in G.X. Francis v. Banke Bihari Singh  [2]  and Maneka Sanjay Gandhi v. Rani Jethmalani  [3]  stressed the need for a congenial atmosphere for the conduct of a fair trial and this included the protection of witnesses. In Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab  [4]  the Supreme Court upheld the validity of ss.16 (2) and (3) of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (TADA) which gave the discretion to the Designated Court to keep the identity and address of a witness secret upon certain contingencies; to hold the proceedings at a place to be decided by the court and to withhold the names and addresses of witnesses in its orders. The court held that the right of the accused to cross-examine the prosecution witnesses was not absolute but was subject to exceptions. The same reasoning was applied to uphold the validity of Section 30 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA) in Peoples Union of Civil Liberties v. Union of India  [5]  . In Delhi Domestic Working Womens Forum v. Union of India  [6]  the Supreme Court emphasised the maintenance of the anonymity of the victims of rape who would be the key witnesses in trials involving the offence of rape. The importance of holding rape trials in camera as mandated by Section 327 (2) and (3) Cr.PC was reiterated in State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh  [7]  . In Sakshi v. Union of India  [8]  the Supreme Court referred to the 172nd Report of the Law Commission an d laid down that certain procedural safeguards had to be followed to protect the victim of child sexual abuse during the conduct of the trial. In the Best Bakery Case  [9]  , in the context of the collapse of the trial on account of witnesses turning hostile as a result of intimidation, the Supreme Court reiterated that legislative measures to emphasize prohibition against tampering with witness, victim or informant, have become the imminent and inevitable need of the day. Although, the guidelines for witness protection laid down by the Delhi High Court in Neelam Katara v. Union of India (judgment dated 14.10.2003) require to be commended, they do not deal with the manner in which the identity of the witness can be kept confidential either before or during the trial. The judgment of the Full Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Bimal Kaur Khalsa  [10]  , which provides for protection of the witness from the media, does not deal with all the aspects of the problem. T hese judgments highlight the need for a comprehensive legislation on witness protection. Chapter3. WITNESS PROTECTION PROGRAMMES IN OTHER COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ________________________________________________ In the United Kingdom, the judgment of the House of Lords in Scott v. Scott  [11]  required that the exception to the general rule that administration of justice should take place in open court should be based upon the operation of some other overriding principle which ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ does not leave its limits to the individual discretion of the Judge. In the Leveller Magazine case (1979) it was held by the House of Lords that apart from statutory exceptions it was open to the court in the exercise of its inherent powers to control the conduct of proceedings so long as the court reasonably believes it to be necessary in order to save the ends of justice. This was subsequently recognized by the enactment of Section 11 of the (UK) Contempt of Court Act, 1981. Under Section 24 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act, 1999 evidence may be given through a live telecast link where the witness is outside UK or is a child. Sections 16 to 33 of the same Act requi re the court to consider special measures of various kinds for the protection of vulnerable and intimidated witnesses. In R vs. DJX, SCY, GCZ  [12]  , the Court of Appeal allowed child witnesses to be screened from the accused. In R vs. Tailor (Gary)  [13]  , various guidelines were issued. The Lord Diplock Commission, appointed to consider various issues concerning the violent confrontations in Ireland, suggested that witnesses could be screened from the accused. In R v. Murphy (1989) it was held that identity of the witness should be kept secret not only from the accused but also from the defence lawyer. In R v. Lord Saville of Newdigate  [14]  the Court of Appeal overturned the decision of the Lord Saville Tribunal appointed to enquire into the incident of shooting of 26 people during a demonstration at Londonderry, refusing to grant anonymity to military witnesses. The Court of Appeal held that the approach of the Tribunal was not fair to the soldiers as the risk to them and their families was a serious possibility. In the second round (Lord Saville v. Widgery Soldiers  [15]  , the Court of Appeal overturned the decision of the Lord Saville Tribunal to shift the enquiry from London to Londonderry in Northern Ireland holding that the elements at Londonderry in Ireland pose a threat to the enquiry and those who are or will be taking part in it, and in particular, a solider witnesses. The venue, according to the Court of Appeal, should be London only. Further, since there would be live video linkage to Londonderry the public confidence will not be eroded by holding a part of the enquiry in London. The same approach was adopted in regard to the recording of the evidence of police witnesses. Following the ruling of the European Court on Human Rights in Chahel v. UK, the Special Judgment on Appeals Commission Act, 1997 and the Northern Ireland Act, 1998 have been enacted which provide for courts to sit in camera where it was necessary on national security grounds and for appointing special counsel to represent individuals in those proceedings. In Australia, the Supreme Court of Victoria (Australia) in Jarvie (1995) approved of non-disclosure of the names and addresses of informers and undercover police officers as well as other witnesses whose personal safety would be endangered by the disclosure of their identity. This has been followed in a series of other cases as well. Australia also has 8 different statutes (in each of the States) dealing with witness protection but not with the anonymity or screening aspects. Section 2A (1) (b) of the Australian Evidence Act, 1989 deals with special witnesses suffering from trauma or likely to be intimidated. In New Zealand, under Section 13A of the (New Zealand) Evidence Act, 1908 (introduced 1986), protection is available to undercover officers in cases involving drug offences and offences tried on indictment attracting a maximum penalty of at least 7 years imprisonment. A ce rtificate has to be given by the Commissioner of Police to the court that the police officer requiring protection has not been convicted of any offence. In 1997, Section 13G was introduced making protection applicable to all witnesses if their lives were likely to be endangered. In R v. L  [16]  , this provision came to be tested on the anvil of Section 25(f) of the New Zealand Bill of Rights which provides for the right to cross-examination to an accused. The court upheld the provision on the ground that the right of cross examination was not absolute. Under Section 13C (4) the Judge, might make an anonymity order where he is satisfied that the safety of a witness is likely to be endangered if his identity was disclosed. Sub-section (5) of Section 13C provides for the factors to be accounted for by the court and sub-section (6), the conditions to be fulfilled. The power of the court to exclude the public or to direct screening of the witnesses or to give evidence by close circu it television is provided under Section 13G. The 1997 legislation is comprehensive and has been held by the courts to be fair vis-à  -vis the New Zealand Bill of Rights in R vs. Atkins  [17]  . In Canada, the courts have granted more importance to the exception of innocence at stake rather than the needs of administration of justice. In other words, anonymity of witnesses is treated as a privilege granted under the common law unless there is a material to show that it will jeopardize the proof of innocence of the accused. The important cases in this regard are R v. Durette  [18]  ; R v. Khela  [19]  ; CBC v. New Brunswick  [20]  ; R v. Leipert  [21]  and R v. Mentuck  [22]  . In South Africa, the approach is on a case by case basis in order to balance the conflict of interests with a view to ensuring proper administration of justice. Section 153 of the (South Africa) Criminal Procedure Code permits criminal proceedings to be held in camera to protect p rivacy to the witness. Section 154 gives discretion to the court to refuse publication of the name of the accused. The South African courts have permitted the witness to give evidence behind close doors or to give witness anonymity. The courts prefer to prohibit the press from reporting on identity rather than exclude them from the court room. The important cases are S v. Leepile  [23]  and S v. Pastoors  [24]  . The courts in the US have held that the constitutional protection in favour of the right to confrontation by way of cross examination, as provided in the 6th Amendment to the Constitution, is not absolute and could be restricted for the purpose of protecting witness identity by using video link or by shielding the witness from the accused though not from the lawyers to the defence or the court or the jury. The important cases are Alford v. US (1931); Pointer v. Texas (1965) and Smith v. Illinois (1968). In Maryland v. Craig (1990), the court upheld the procedu re under the Maryland Courtsand Judicial Procedure Code which provided for protection of child witnesses by way of one-way closed-circuit procedure and held that it did not violate the right to confrontation guaranteed by the 6th Amendment. The European Court of human rights has in Kostovski (1990), Doorson (1996), Vissier (2002) and Fitt (2002) recognized the need to protect anonymity of witnesses while, on account of Article 6 of the European Convention, more importance appears to have been given to the rights of the accused. If national courts had determined that anonymity was necessary or not necessary in public interest, the European court could not interfere. The judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in the Tadic and Delaic cases in the context of protection of witnesses, anonymity, re-traumatisitation and general and special measures for their protection have been discussed in detail. Likewise, the decisions of the International Crimina l Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) (1994) with reference to the relevant statute which provide for protection of victims and witnesses have also been discussed in great detail in the Consultation Paper. Chapter4. PROBLEM OF PERJURY ________________________________________________ One of the main reasons for the large percentage of acquittals is criminal cases is of witnesses turning hostile and giving false testimony in criminal cases. Several reasons are attributed to this difficulty such as inordinate delay in the trial of cases, threats or inducement from the accused, etc. As in criminal cases the prosecution relies mainly on oral evidence the problem assumes critical importance. Witnesses give evidence in the Criminal Courts after they are administered oath or affirmation under the Oaths Act, 1969. Section 8 of the Oaths Act provides that the witness is legally bound to state the truth on the subject. The sanction behind the oath is supposed to be the fear of God, the supernatural dispenser of justice. In practice however it is seen that the witness makes false statements without any regard for the sanctity of the oath or affirmation that has been administered to them. One gets an impression that administration of oath or affirmation virtually gives license to the witness to make false statements before the Court with impunity. There is no doubt there is statutory sanction against the witnesses making false statements in the court. Perjury is made a Penal offence under Sections 193 to 195 of the Indian Penal Code for which adequate punishment is prescribed. Section 195 (1) (b) of the Code provides that no court shall take cognizance inter-alia of the offence of perjury under Sections 193 to 195 except on the complaint in writing of that court or of the court to which that court is subordinate. Section 340 prescribes the procedure to be followed for making a complaint contemplated by Section 195. It requires the court to hold a preliminary enquiry to record a finding that it is expedient in the interest of justice that an enquiry should be made into any offence referred to in Section 195 (1) (b). Thereafter it has to make a complaint in writing and send it to the Magistrate I Class having jurisdiction. The order under Sect ion 340 is appealable under Section 341 of the Code. Section 343 prescribes the procedure to be followed in dealing with the case Section 344 however prescribes an alternative summary procedure. It provides that if the Court of Session or Magistrate of first class if at any time of delivery of judgement in the case expresses an opinion that the witness appearing in such proceeding had knowingly or willingly given false evidence or fabricated false evidence for use in the proceeding, the Court may if satisfied that it is necessary and expedient in the interest of justice that the witness should be tried summarily, take cognizance after giving reasonable opportunity of showing cause, try such offender summarily and sentence him to imprisonment or to a fine or both. Thus it is seen that the courts response to the serious problem of perjury is rather one of utter indifference. Unfortunately, these provisions are rarely resorted to and perjury has become a routine in courts where t ruth and justice must prevail. Perjury can contribute to the wrong person being convicted while the true criminal and a perjurer walk on the streets in freedom. Offering false testimony in a criminal trial is a serious offence that undermines the integrity of the Criminal Justice System. For justice to be done truth must prevail. Witness must be made to take his oath or solemn affirmation seriously. The sentence prescribed for perjury is quite lenient. In the State of New York the sentence for perjury was recently enhanced to 15 years. As the menace of perjury is shaking the very foundation of the criminal justice system it is necessary to curb this menace and the sentence prescribed should be enhanced. CONCLUSION ________________________________________________ Witness is one of the most important constituent of justice. He is one of the most important sources of information in discovering the truth about the case, but the pains and troubles he has to undergo to help the court is a lot as well. By giving evidence the witness helps the courts to give correct judgement and justice. The witnesses have the danger of their lives as well as that of their families. They have the danger of their properties as well. They have to undergo lots of discomfort when they come to give evidence. Even after doing all this they do not get anything in return. Therefore it can be clearly seen that the courts are negligent in the way that they treat the witnesses. Witness protection should take place and already various steps have been taken towards it. Many countries like, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, etc. have a well developed mechanism for witness protection. These mechanisms may encourage even more witnesses to come forward to give their evidence for the greater good. Witnesses therefore should be shown the respect and gratitude which they are actually worth of. The problem of perjury also prevails and it depends upon the witness himself to stop it. Otherwise it can contribute to the wrong person being convicted while the true criminal and a perjurer walk on the streets in freedom.